Introduction to Confounding and Intervening Variables

In formulating and testing hypotheses, we must be aware of confounding and intervening variables. Failing to identify them invariably leads to faulty conclusions. Importantly, confounding and intervening variables are different concepts. In this module, you will learn to master these concepts and apply them to empirical research questions.

Module Learning Outcomes

By completing this module, you will be able to:

1. Identify confounding variables
2. Identify intervening variables
3. Know the difference between confounding and intervening variables

The image below shows a simplified version of the scientific method, and highlights the where concepts covered in this module fit into the larger process.